chapter two:
and
,
or
, and
not
formal logic
problems with the informal approach
basic philosophy
formal language
formal language (informally)
technical techniques: formal grammar
grammatical trees revisited (and reversed)
grammatical trees: some examples
translation techniques: variations
translation techniques: extended methods
translation techniques: summary
truth tables
formal semantics
sentence letters
negations
conjunctions
disjunctions
technical techniques: grammar meets semantics
truth tables and validity: some examples
truth trees
indirect arguments and validity
indirect test of validity: two examples
new notation, same old rules
truth trees and validity: an example
technical techniques: truth tree rules
beakley
>
1900
>
formal logic