TABLE OF CONTENTS

Grade Determination 2

Introduction 4

Skeletal System 7

Skull 14

Arthology 16

Skeletal Muscle System 18

Hematology 26

Respiratory System 29

Cardiovascular System 33

Schematic Summary of Systemic Arteries 38

Schematic Summary of Systemic Veins 39

Lymphatic System 40

Lymphoid Organs 41

Digestive System 42

Urinary System 51

Neurology 55

Brain 56

Spinal Cord 59

Spinal Nerves 61

Cranial Nerves 64

Autonomic Nervous System 66

Sensory Structures- Taste & Smell 69

Special Senses- Ear 70

Special Senses- Eye 72

Endocrine System 75

Integumentary System 79

Reproductive System 81

Pregnancy -> Birth 85

Test Bank 87

Mammalian Anatomy- Zoology 2000

One's performance in Zoo 2000 will be determined by your demonstrated knowledge of core material (human systems and cat dissection), which will determine if one passes or fails to pass, and the calculation of final (letter) grades.

The Minimum Criteria for Passing.

The following mechanisms will be used to test one's knowledge of the course material. They will determine if you pass or fail. The following is an EXAMPLE set of criteria:

Midterms (2) =~ 100 pts each, (total =_~ 200 pts).

Exams 1- (3) =~ 50 pts each, (total =_~ 150 pts).

Practicals(3) =~ 50 pts each, (total =_~ 150 pts).

Final Exam =~ 200 pts.

Total Points = 700 (approximate).

You ARE expected to achieve a minimum rank of 60%.

How Final Grades will be Determined.

Final Letter Grades will be based on one's percentile score and assigned as follows:

89.9 to 100% = A

79.9 to 89.8 = B

69.1 to 79.8 = C

less than 69 = D.

Therefore, if 700 = greatest individual total number of points, then the following would apply:

629 to 700 = A

553 to 628 = B

483 to 552 = C

420 to 482 = D

3. I am available to assist your learning in any mutually agreeable fashion.

4. I will notify you if your performance is not adequate.

HOWEVER:

5. BE ADVISED THAT I will not be responsible to make you participate in this course or to make you learn this material. You, as young adults, are responsible for your own motivation. To paraphrase, "I can lead you to water, but I cannot make you drink."

6. Bear in mind that this study guide is NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE TEXT or PARTICIPATION in scheduled class hours. This guide is an aid to organization and review.

Again- PLEASE NOTE: Final Letter Grades will be based on

The SUM the total points from the course exams.

Zoo 2200

INTRODUCTION

A. Derivation of the word anatomy

B. Major fields (Fig. 1-1)

1. Gross Anatomy

2. Microscopic anatomy

A) Cytology

B) Histology

3. Neuroanatomy

4. Embryology- Developmental anatomy

C. Anatomical Terminology (Table 1-1,-2)

1. Prefixes

2. Suffixes

3. Anatomical terms used for body parts (Fig. 1-8)

(a few examples)

A) Arm

B) forearm

C) thigh

D) leg

II. Gross anatomical features of the body

A. The anatomical position

1. midline = vertebral column (backbone).

2. bilaterally symmetrical.

3. erect on soles of feet.

4. palms forward.

B. The major planes of sectioning (Fig. 1-10,-11)

1. Sagittal = a vertical plane passing through the object that divides into right & left portions.

A) anterior vs posterior (dorsal vs ventral);

superior vs inferior.

B) midsagittal = equal right & left portions.

1. medial vs lateral; superior vs inferior.

1. Horizontal= a horizontal plane through the object

A) anterior vs posterior (dorsal vs ventral); medial vs lateral.

B) In anatomical position, this plane is parallel to the ground.

C. The body cavities (Fig. 1-13,-14)

1. Dorsal cavity

B) vertebral canal.

2. Ventral cavity

A) Thoracic

1) pleural cavity(s).

2) mediastinum (Fig. 1-14)

a. MIDDLE (pericardium)

b. superior

c. anterior

d. posterior

B) abdominal

1) Subdivisions of the abdominal cavity

a. quadrants.

b. nine regions. (Fig. 1-9)

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NOTE: The following information is background material. Any specifics will be discussed when we covered as needed.

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III. Microscopic Anatomy

1. The metric system

1. What can be seen with a light microscope

2. Structure of cells as viewed by electron microscopy

A) Nucleus: nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin

3. Tonicity

A) isotonic

B) hypotonic

C) hypertonic

4. Processes

A) Passive

1) Diffusion

2) facilitated diffusion

3) osmosis

B) Active

1) active transport

2) endocytosis

a. phagocytosis

b. pinocytosis

3) exocytosis

C. Cell division

1. mitosis

A) karyokinesis

1. prophase

2. metaphase

3. anaphase

4. telophase

B) cytokinesis

A) karyokinesis

1. prophase I

2. metaphaseI

3. anaphase I

4. telophase II

5. metaphase II

6. anaphase II

7. telophase II

B) cytokinesis

1. spermatogenesis

2. oogenesis

3. Cell cycle

IV. Life Processes

A. Metabolism

1. catabolism

2. anabolism

B. Excitability

C. Conductivity

D. Contractility

E. Growth

F. Differentiation

G. Reproduction

TISSUES

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NOTE: The following types of tissue will be discussed when we cover the systems which contain these tissues.

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I. Levels of organization in living things:

A. cells

B. tissues

1. epithelial

A) simple (one layer)

2. connective

1) areolar

2) adipose

3) reticular

4) dense

5) elastic

A) special connective tissues

1) cartilage

2) bone

3) blood

3. muscular tissue: striated

cardiac

smooth

vascular smooth

4. nervous tissue: neurons

glia

C. organs

D. systems

2. Epithelial tissue

A. Simple- name based on shape of cell

1. squamous

2. cuboidal

3. columnar

4. pseudostratified columnar

B. Stratified- name based on shape of the cell at the surface.

1. stratified squamous

2. stratified columnar

3. transitional

C. Types of moist membranes composed of epithelial tissues

1. mucous membranes- epithelium

2. serous membranes- mesothelium

3. internal vascular membranes- endothelium

III. Glandular epithelial tissue

A. Definition of a gland

B. two types of glands

1. exocrine

2. endocrine

C. Varieties of exocrine glands

1. merocrine

2. apocrine

3. holocrine

IV. Connective tissue

A. Cell types

1. fibroblasts

2. Adipocytes (fat cells)

3. Mast cells

4. Plasma cells

5. Macrophages

B. Fiber types

1. collagen

2. elastic

3. reticular

C. Fiber arrangements and cell found in connective tissue

1. areolar

2. adipose

3. dense regular

4. dense irregular

5. elastic

6. reticular

Zoo 2200 SKELETAL SYSTEM

I. Functions (Ch. 5)

A. support

B. protection

C. movement

D. hemopoiesis

E. mineral reservoir

II. Structure (Ch. 5 + Ch 3., pp.75-76)

A. types of bone tissue (Fig. 5-1)

1. compact/dense

2. cancellous/spongy

A) marrow cavity

B) trabeculae

C) same mineralization and tissue as dense bone.

1. Nutrients diffuse from surface into osteocytes

3. types of bones (Fig. 5-12)

A) long bones

B) short bones- carpals and tarsals

C) flat bones- skull

D) irregular bones- vertebrae

E) sesamoid bones- patella

F) sutural bones

B. parts of (long) bone (Fig. 5-3)

1. diaphysis

A) medullary cavity

B) yellow marrow.

1) hemopoiesis

C) primary ossification center.

2. periosteum

3. endosteum

A) incomplete lining.

4. articular cartilage

5. dense and cancellous bone

6. epiphysis

A) cancellous bone

B) marrow cavity

C) red marrow

D) secondary ossification center

C. Histological Structure (Fig. 5-1)

1. bone tissue

A) periosteum

1) rich blood supply.

B) cellular component- About 2% of bone mass.

1) osteocyte = inactive.

2) osteoblast = bone forming

3) osteoclast = bone resorbing

C) extracellular matrix

1) ground substance = protein + carbohydrates

2) collagen fibers

3) Plate-like crystals of calcium phosphate (hydr- oxyapatite) deposited along collagen fibers.

4) permeated by extensive blood supply.

D) lacunae

1) house osteocytes.

2) canaliculi

E) lamellae

1) concentric

a. Haversian system (canal) = osteon

1. parallel to long axis.

b. Volkmann canal

2) interstitial

1. deposited by periosteum.

1. deposited by endosteum.

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III. Development of bone (Ch.5, p.114)

A. Intramembranous ossification (Fig. 5-4)

1. skull & clavicles

1. Endochondral ossification (Fig. 5-6, 5-8)

1. cartilage model of long bone develops.
2. outer edges of model's center calcifies (hardens) into

1. perichondrium becomes periosteum.

IV. Divisions (fig. 6-1)

A. Axial skeleton

1. vertebral column

2. ribs (costa)

3. skull (to be studied later)

4. hyoid

5. auditory ossicles

B. Appendicular skeleton

1. Girdles

A) pectoral

B) pelvic

2. Appendages

A) upper

B) lower

V. Axial division

A. skull (presented later)

B. vertebral column (Fig. 6-19)

1. general features

A) centrum/body = weight-bearing region.

B) laminae (paired)

1. encloses lateral walls of vertebral foramen.

D) spinous process

1) muscle/ligament attachments.

E) transverse processes (paired)

1) muscle/ligament attachments.

F) neural arch = A+B+C above.

1. surrounds vertebral foramen.
2. vertebral/neural canal, housing the spinal cord & cauda equina, is formed by all neural arches.

1) nucleus pulposus

2) annulus fibrosus

G) articular facets (vary by type of vertebrae).

2. Spinal curvatures (Fig. 6-18)

A) primary (present in fetus)

1) thoracic

2) sacral

B) secondary (change with growth & development)

1) cervical

2) lumbar

C) Abnormal curvatures (pp.159)

1) scoliosis = lateral curve

3) kyphosis = thoracic (flexion = hunchback)

3. cervical vertebrae (7) (Fig. 6-20)

A) ALL HAVE TRANSVERSE FORAMINA.

B) unusual vertebrae

1) atlas

a. no body or spinous process.

2) axis

a. odontoid process formed from body & spine of atlas.

1. ALL TRANSVERSE PROCESSES ARTICULATE WITH A RIB (costa).

5. lumbar vertebrae (5) (Fig. 6-23)

A) ALL HAVE INTERLOCKING ARTICULAR PROCESSES.

6. sacrum (5) (Fig. 6-24)

A) 5 FUSED VERTEBRAE.

C) medial sacral crest

1) sacral canal

D) ala (2)

1. lateral sacral crest (2)

2) sacral foramina

E) apex

7. coccyx (Fig. 6-24)

A) 3-5 small, fused vertebrae.

C. Rib cage(Fig. 6-22)

1. sternum

A) manubrium

1) jugular notch

B) gladiolus (body)

c) xyphoid process

1) only cartilage.

2. Costa (ribs)

A) vertebrosternal costa (7) (true ribs)

B) vertebrochondral costa (3) (false ribs)

1. 1) 10#11 & 12 have no costal cartilage.

1) head

2) neck

3) tubercle

4) posterior angle

5) shaft

6) costal groove

VI. Appendicular division (Fig. 7-1)

A. Pectoral girdle (Fig. 7-2, Fg. 7-4)

1. clavicle

A) sternal end

B) acromial end

2. scapula (Fig. 7-5)

A) posterior aspect

1) spine of scapula

a. acromion

2) supraspinous fossa

3) infraspinous fossa

B) anterior aspect

1) subscapular fossa

2) coracoid process

C) borders

1) vertebral/medial

2) axillary/lateral

a. glenoid fossa/cavity

3) superior

a. (supra)scapular notch

b. coracoid process

D) Angles

1) superior angle

2) inferior angle

B. Upper extermity (Fig. 7-6)

1. humerus

A) head

B) neck (anatomical)

1) surgical neck

C) greater tubercle

D) anterior aspect

1) proximal epiphysis

a. lesser tubercle

b. intertubercular (bicipital) groove

2) distal epiphysis

a. coronoid fossa

D) posterior aspect

1) distal epiphysis

a. olecranon fossa

E) deltoid tuberosity

F) lateral epicondyle of the humerus

G) medial epicondyle of the humerus

H) trochlea

2. radius (Fig. 7-7)

A) head

B) neck

C) radial tuberosity

D) styloid process of the radius

E) ulnar notch

1) distal radioulnar joint

3. ulna (Fig. 7-7)

A) olecranon

B) trochlear notch

1) humeroulnar (olecranal) joint

C) coronoid process

D) radial notch

1) proximal radioulnar joint

E) styloid process of the ulna

F) interosseous membrane

4. carpal bones (8) (Fig. 7-8)

A) proximal carpals

1) scaphoid

2) lunateid

3) triquetral (triangluar)

4) pisiform

B) distal carpals

1) trapezium

2) trapezoid

3) capitate

4) hamate

5. metacarpals (5)

6. phalanges (14)

A) digits 2 thru 5

1) proximal phalange

2) middle phalange

3) distal phalange

B) pollex (1st digit) has NO middle phalange.

C. Upper appendage = pectoral girdle + upper extremity.

C. Pelvic girdle = the 2 coxa. (Fig. 7-9, 7-11)

[NOTE: There is NO pelvic BONE.)

1. coxal bone (os coxae) (Fig. 7-10)

A) ilium

1) iliac crest

a. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

b. posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

2) iliac fossa

3) arcuate line

4) anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)

5) sacroiliac articulation (joint)

a. posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)

6) greater sciatic notch

(a. ischial spine)

B) ischium

1) ischial spine

2) ischial tuberosity

3) ischial ramus

C) pubis

1) superior ramus of the pubis

2) pubic symphysis

3) inferior ramus of the pubis

D) acetabulum

E) pelvic brim (Fig. 7-12)

F) pubic arch (subpubic angle) (Fig. 7-13)

1) less than 90 degrees in males.

2) greater than 90 degrees in females.

G) obdurator foramen

2. sacrum (+ coccyx completes pelvis)

A) sacral foramina

B) sacroiliac joint (articulation)

D. Lower extermity (Fig. 7-9)

1. femur (Fig. 7-14)

A) head

B) neck

1) about 125³ degrees

D) lesser trochanter

E) anterior aspect

1) proximal epiphysis

a. greater trochanter

-b. intertrochanteric line-

1) distal epiphysis

a. patellar fossa (surface)

F) posterior aspect

1) proximal epiphysis

a. intertrochantertic crest

b. lesser trochanter

1) distal epiphysis

a. popliteal fossa

b. intercondylar fossa

G) medial epicondyle of the femur

1) medial condyle of the femur

H) lateral epicondyle of the femur

1) lateral condyle of the femur

I) diaphysis

1) lina aspera (posterior aspect)

2. patella (Fig. 7-15)

A) sesmoid bone within quadriceps femoris tendon.

B) (larger) lateral (concave) facet

C) (smaller) medial (concave) facet

3. tibia (Fig. 7-16)

A) proximal epiphysis

1) medial condyle of the tibia

2) lateral condyle of the tibia

3) intercondylar eminence

4) tibial tuberosity

B) diphysis

1) anterior crest (shin)

2) interosseous crest

C) distal epiphysis

1) medial malleolus

2) fibular notch

4. fibula (Fig. 7-16)

A) head

B) neck

C) interosseous crest

D) lateral malleolus

E) The fibula is NOT weightbearing.

5. tarsal bones (7) (Fig. 7-17)

A) talus

1) articulates with tibia AND fibula.

B) navicular

C) cuboid

D) calcaneous

E) cuniforms (3)

6. metatarsals (5)

7. phalanges (14)

A) digits 2 thru 5

1) proximal phalange

2) middle phalange

3) distal phalange

B) hallux (1st digit) has NO middle phalange.

8. arches of pedal (foot) (Fig. 7-17)

A) lateral longitudinal

B medial longitudinal

C) transverse

E. Lower extermity = pelvic girdle + lower appendage.

VII. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs

osteomalasia

osteomyolitis

Osteoporosis

osteopenia

osteosarcoma

ostitis

Zoo2200 SKULL

I. Divisions (Fig. 6-2, 6-3)

A. 8 cranial bones = cranium

B. facial (12)

1. 6 considered superficial facial bones

A) lacrimal

B) mandible

C) maxilla

D) zygomatic

E) nasal

F) palatine

C. Foramina (Table 6-1)

II. Cranial bones Fig. 6-7)

A. frontal

1. sinuses

2. supraorbital margin

A) supraorbital foramen/notch

3. frontal squama

B. parietal (paired)

C. temporal (paired) Fig. 6-8)

1. zygomatic process

2. mastoid process

3. styloid process

4. mandibular fossa (diarthrosis)

5. external auditory canal/meatus

6. petrous portion/ridge

A) stylomastoid foramen

B) notch for jugular foramen

C) carotid canal or foramen lacerum

D) petrous portion

1) external auditory canal/meatus

2) tympanic cavity

a. tympanic membrane

3) inner ear

E) pharyngotympanic/eustacian tube

F) internal auditory canal/meatus

D. occipital (Fig. 6-6)

1. foramen magnum

2. occipital condyles

3. hypoglossal foramen

4. (notch for) jugular foramen

A) external occipital protuberence

E. sphenoid (giant bat) (Fig. 6-9)

1. sella turcica

A) hypophyseal fossa

2. sphenoid sinuses

3. small (lesser) wings

A) optic foramen

4. great wings

A) foramen rotundum

B) foramen ovale

C) foramen spinosum

D) notch for inferior orbital fissure.

5. superior orbital fissure

A. formed by between great & small wings.

6. pterygoid processes

7. notch of internal carotid artery

F. ethmoid (Fig. 6-10)

1. cribiform plate

2. crista galli

3. perpendicular plate (+ vomer = nasal septum)

4. lateral masses (Fig. 6-13)

A) ethmoid sinuses (air cells)

B) superior concha

C) middle concha

G. Cranial fossa (Fig. 6-11)

1. anterior

2. middle

1. posterior

III. Facial bones (Fig. 6-15)

A. inferior nasal conchae (paired) (Fig. 6-10)

B. vomer (Fig. 6-5)

C. lacrimal (paired) (Fig. 6-3)

1. smallest facial bone

2. lacrimal canal

D. nasal (paired) (Fig. 6-3)

E. maxilla (paired) (Fig. 6-3)

1. alveolar process

A) gomphosis

2. (anterior) hard palate

3. maxillary sinuses

4. infraorbital foramen

F. mandible (Fig. 6-15)

1. ramus

A) condyle

B) coronoid

2. body

A) alveolar process

1) gomphosis

B) mental foramen

1) mandibular canal

G. palatine (paired) (Fig. 6-12)

1. (posterior) hard palate

H. zygomatic (paired) (Fig. 6-15)

1. temporal process

1. zygomatic arch = zygomatic process of temporal PLUS temporal

IV. Hyoid bone (Fig. 6-16)

V. Auditory ossicles (paired) (to be studied later).

VI. Bones forming the Nasal Cavity (8) (Fig. 6-13)

(frontal, sphenoid, palatine, maxilla, ethmoid, nasal, inf. n ch., vomer)

VII. Bones forming the Orbital Cavity (7) (Fig. 6-14)

VIII.Bones forming the Oral Cavity (3) (Fig. 6-5)

Zoo2200 ARTHOLOGY

I. Classifications

A. Function (Table 8-1)

1. Synarthroses = no movement

A) sysotoses (suture(s))

1) complete fusion

a. frontal bone (skull)

B) gomphosis

C) sychondrosis

2. Amphiarthroses = some movement

A) symphysis (discs)

1. syndesmosis (distal tibia/fibula)

1. Diarthroses = freely movable

1. Structure (Table 8-2)

A) synarthrosis

1) sutures = skull

2) gomphosis

a. "peg in socket" = teeth

1. have fibrocartilage- a thick, dense, fibrous connective tissue that also has some chondrocytes (eg., distal tibia + fibula).

A) synchondrosis

B) symphysis

3. Synovial Joint = has a cavity/capsule & has cartilage

A) diarthrosis (Fig. 8-1)

1) synovial membrane- secretes synovial fluid

a. hyaluronic acid & plasma filtrate

b. contains macrophages.

2) synovial cavity

a. synovial membrane- inside layer

1. does not extend over articular surfaces.

b. fibrous capsule- outside layer

3) articular cartilage (hyaline)

b. NO perichondrium.

4) Accessory ligaments

a. extracapsular

b. intracapsular

6) Bursae (p. 208)

a. saclike structures to reduce friction

7) Cartilage- characteristics

a. matrix

2. fibers

A. collagen

B. elastic

3. lacunae = spaces within matrix.

A. chondrocytes

4. NO nerves or blood supply to matrix.

b. cells

2. chondrocytes

1. hyaline

A. most abundent.

B. very flexible and supportive.

2. elastic

A. maintains organ/tissue shape.

3. fibrocartilage

A. NO perichondrium.

B. "mixed" tissue.

B) Types of Synovial joints (Fig. 8-6)

1) hinge

2) pivot

3) gliding

4) ellipsoidal

5) saddle

1. ball-in-socket

II. Types of Motion/Movement (Fig. 8-3, -4, -5) (17 types)

A. flexion vs extension

B. adduction vs abduction

C. circumduction

D. rotation

E. pronation vs supination

F. inversion vs eversion

G. dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

H. opposition

I. protraction vs retraction

1. elevation vs depression

III. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs

rheumatism shoulder separation

fibrosis arthritis

polio osteoarthritis

subluxation slipped disc

sciatica herniated disc

bursitis carpal tunnel syndrome

arthroscopic surgery sprain

continuous passive motion (CPM)

Zoo 2200 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

MYOLOGY

I. Chief Function : Contraction- necessary for any form of movement.

helps in temperature regulation.

II. Characteristics

A. Excitability

B. Contractility

C. Extensibility

D. Elasticity

III. Types (Fig. 3-19)

A. Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleated muscle fibers

B. Cardiac: striated, involuntary, individual cells, 2-5 nuclei/cell, intercalated discs

D. Vascular: nonstriated, involuntary, individual fusiform cells, single nucleus

IV. Structural characteristics of skeletal muscle (Fig. 9-1)

A. Parts

1. belly

2. tendon

A) origin

B) insertion

C) aponeurosis- a broad, flat tendon

B. Arrangement of muscle fibers in the belly (Fig. 10-1)

1. parallel

A) fusiform

B) bicipital

3. convergent (triangular or radiate)

4. pennate

A) uni-, bi-, multipennate

5. circular or sphincter

C. Histological organization (Fig. 9-4)

1. belly

A) epimysium

2. fasciculi

A) groups of muscle cells with common acyion.

B) perimysium

3. (individual) muscle cell(s)

A) endomysium

4. Subdivisions of a muscle fiber (Fig. 9-4)

A) initially formed by the fusion of several cells.

B) muscle fiber contains myofibrils

D) sarcomeres contain myofilments (Fig. 9-6)

1) (thick) myosin filaments (Fig. 9-5)

2) (thin) actin filaments

4) sarcomere regions (Fig. 9-6)

a. (light) I band

b. (dark) A band

c. Z line

E) sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (fig. 9-10)

1) transverse tubules

a. parallel Z-lines (mammalian)

2) lateral sacs- larger tubules of SR paralleling Z- line.

3) relationship of this arrangement to nerve stimulation (Exh. 9.1).

4) Parts of a myoneural junction (Fig. 9-11, 9-12)

A) nerve impulses travel 'down' nerve fiber.

1. myofilaments in sarcomere slide past each other.

V. Varieties of movement of skeletal muscle

A. see Skeletal System, II, Types of Movements (p, 23 in this guide).

B. Actions

1. agonists = prime mover

A) synergist

2. antagonist

1. Terminology, Table 10-1.

VI. Head and Neck Muscles

A. Muscles of facial expression (Fig. 10-6, Table 10-2)

1. orbicularis oris

2. orbicularis oculis

3. epicranius

A) frontalis + aponeurosis + occipitalis

4. platysma

5. buccinator

6. depressor labii inferioris

7. levator labii superioris

B. Extrinsic Eye Muscles (Fig. 10-9)

1. superior rectus

2. inferior rectus

3. medial rectus

4. lateral rectus

5. superior oblique

6. inferior oblique

B. Muscles of Masticulation (Fig. 10-10)

1. temporalis

2. masseter

3. pterygoids

4. buccinator

C. Muscles of the Tongue (Fig. 10-11)

1. genioglossus

2. styloglossus

3. palatoglossus

4. hyoglossus

D. Muscles of the Pharynx (Fig. 10-12)

1. constrictors

2. laryngeal elevators

3. palatal muscles

E. Muscles of the (Anterior) Neck (Fig. 10-13)

1. digastric

2. mylohyoid

3. stylohyoid

4. geniohyoid

5. thyrohyoid

6. sternothyroid

7. sternohyoid

8. omohyoid

(9. sternocleidomastoid)

VII. Trunk Muscles

A. Muscles that move the head and vertebral column

A) sternocleidomastoid (Fig. 10-14)

B) longus capitis

C) scalenes

D) longus coli

B) rectus abdominus (Fig. 10-15)

C) external oblique

1) rotate & lateral flex

D) quadratus lumborum

1) primary side flexor of lumbar vertebrae.

E) internal oblique

1) rotate & medial flex

F) transversus abdominus

A) spinalis group

1) splenius

2) semispinalis capitis

B) longissimus group

1) capitis

1. cervicis
2. dorsi

C) iliocostalis group

1. cervicis

3) lumborum

D) multifidius

B. Muscles of the rib cage (Fig. 10-15)

1. external intercostals (contracts during inspiration)

2. diaphragm (contract during inspiration) (Fig. 10-16)

3. internal intercostals (contracts during forced expiration)

C. Muscles of the perineum-pelvic diaphragm (Fig. 10-17)

1. urogenital triangle

1) deep transverse perineal muscles.

B) transverse perineals

1) borders urogential diaphragm.

2) between ischial tuberosities & central tendon.

C) ischiocavernosus

D) bulbocavernosus

1) into base of penis or surrounds vaginal openning.

2. anal triangle

A) levator ani origin- ischial spine (iliococcygenus) + ramus of pubis (pubococcygeus)

insertion- coccyx + median raphe

1) coccyx <

central tendon

B) coccygeus origin- ischial spine

insertion- coccyx + lower sacrum

C) external anal sphincter

VII. Muscle of the upper limb (may need to know origins and insertions)

A. Stablizers of the scapula (Fig. 11-1,-2,-3, Table 11-1)

1. trapezius: origin- occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae,

2. rhomboids: origin- spines of C7-T5

insertion- vertebral border of scapula below spine

3. levator scapulae: origin- transverse processes of C1-C4

insertion- vertebral border of scapula over spine

4. serratus anterior: origin- exterior of ribs 1-9

insertion- anterior surface of entire 5. pectoralis minor: origin- anter. surface of ribs 3-5

insertion- coracoid process

6. subclavius: origin- 1st rib

insertion- inferior clavicle

complements pec. minor

B. Movers of the humerus (Fig. 11-5, Table 11-2)

1. axial skeleton

1. pectoralis major: origin- medial half of

clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, aponeurosis of external oblique

insertion- greater tubercle

B) latissimus dorsi: origin- spines of T6-T12, L1-L5, dorsal sacrum, posterior iliac crest

insertion- medial margin of intertubercular groove.

2. scapula

A) deltoid: origin- lateral third of clavicle, acromion & spine

insertion- deltoid tuberosity

insertion- shaft of humerus

B) coracobrachialis: origin- coracoid process

insertion- shaft of humerus

3. Muscles of/at the glenohumeral joint

A) musculotendinous cuff (Fig. 11-5, Table 11-2)

1) supraspinatus: origin- supraspinatus fossa

insertion- superior aspect of greater tubercle

2) infraspinatus: origin- infraspinatus fossa

insertion- greater tubercule (inferior to supraspinatus)

3) teres minor: origin- dorsal surface of axillary border

insertion- greater tubercule (inferior to infraspinatus)

4) subscapularis: origin- subscapular fossa

insertion- lesser tubercle

2. teres major: origin- dorsal surface of inferior

insertion- lesser tubercle

C. Movers of the Radius and Ulna (Fig. 11-7, Table 11-3)

1. flexors (Fig. 11-7)

A) biceps brachii: origin- glenoid & coracoid process insertion- radial tuberosity

insertion- coronoid process of ulna

insertion- styloid process of radius.

2. supinators (Fig. 11-7)

A) supinator: origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna.

insertion- proximal radius

B) biceps brachii: origin- glenoid + coracoid process.

insertion- radial tuberosity

3. pronators (Fig. 11-7)

A) pronator teres: origin- medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna.

insertion- middle shaft of radius.

B) pronator quadratus: origin- mediodistal anterior ulnar shaft

insertion- laterodistal anterior radial shaft

4. extensors (Fig. 11-8)

insertion- olecranon process of ulna.

B) anconeous: origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus.

D. Forearm muscles that move the wrist, fingers and thumb

1. Wrist flexors: origin- med. epicondyle of humerus (Fig.11-7)

insertion- carpals and palmar aponeurosis.

A) palmaris longis

B) flexor carpi radialis- insertion = styloid process of radius

C) flexor carpi ulnaris- insertion = styloid process of ulna

2. wrist extensors: origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus

insertion- metacarpals (Fig. 11-8,-9)

A) extensor carpi radialis

B) extensor carpi ulnaris

3. flexors of the digits (Table 11-4)

A) flexor digitorum superficialis: (Fig. 11-7,-9,-11)

insertion- ant. surface of base of mid. phlanges 2-5

insertion- ant. surface of base of dist. phalanges 2-5

C) flexor pollicis longus: (Fig. 11-7,-9)

origin- anterior surface of radius

insertion- base of distal phalanx of thumb

4. extensors of digits (Table 11-4)

A) extensor digitorum commonis: (Fig. 11-8,-9,-11)

origin- lateral epicondyle of humerus

insertion- posterior surface of phalanges 2-5

B) extensor digiti minimi:

origin- extensor digiti commonis tendon

D) extensor pollicis longus:

anterior & medial

origin- posterior surface of radius

insertion- base of distal phalanx of thumb (most medial & anterior tendon of "snuff box").

E) extensor pollicis brevis:

origin- posterior surface of radius

F) abductor pollicis longus:

origin- posterior surface of radius & ulna

insertion- base of first metacarpal (under ext. pollicis brevis)

E. Intrinsic muscles of the hand (origins & insertions need not be memorized, but know actions) (Fig. 11-12, Table 11-5)

A) adductor pollicis brevis

B) flexor pollicis brevis

1. C) opponens pollicis

A) opponens digiti minimi

B) flexor digiti minimi

C) abductor digiti minimi

3. midpalmar muscles

A) interossei: extend interphlangeal joints;

abduct (dorsal) & adduct (palmar) fingers from or to middle finger.

B) lumbricals: flex metacarpophalangeal joints

IX. Muscles of the lower extermity (origins and insertions)

A. Movers of the femur (Fig. 11-12, Table 11-6)

1. flexors (Fig. 11-14)

A) iliopsoas: origin- transverse processes of T12-L5, iliac crest and fossa

insertion- lesser trochanter

B) pectineus: origin- pubis

C) tensor fasciae latae: (Fig. 11-13)

insertion- iliotibial band

2. adductors of the thigh (medial compartment): (Fig. 11-14)

origin(s)- on pubis and ischium

insertion- linea aspera of femur <A) pectineus>

B) adductor magnus- entire length of femur

C) adductor brevis- proximal femur

D) adductor longus- middle femur

E) gracilis: origin- pubis symphysis

insertion- on medial tibial tuberosity

(hip & knee flexor)

3. extensors (Fig. 11-13)

insertion- lateral surface of greater trochanter

B) gluteus medius: origin- outer surface of ilium

insertion- lateral surface of greater trochanter

C) gluteus minimus: origin- outer surface of ilium

insertion- anterior surface of greater trochanter

origins- in and around the obturator foramen

insertions- on the greater trochanter

A) piriformis

B) obdurator internus & externus

C) quadratus femoris

B. Movers of the tibia and fibula (Table 11-7)

1. anterior compartment (Fig. 11-13)

A) quadriceps femoris

1) rectus femoris:

origin- anterior inferior iliac spine

2) vastus lateralis:

3) vastus medialis:

origin- medial lip of linea aspera

4) vastus intermedius:

origin- anterior surface of femur

B) sartorius: origin- anterior superior iliac spine

insertion- medial proximal tibia

2. posterior compartment (Fig. 11-7)

B) semitendinosus: origin- ischial tuberosity

insertion- medial proximal tibia

C) semimembranosus: origin- ischial tuberosity

insertion- medial proximal tibia

C. Muscles that move the ankle and toes (Table 11-8)

1. anterior compartment (Fig. 11-2)

A) tibialis anterior:

B) extensor digitorum longus:

origin- lateral condyle of tibia, ant. of fibula

insertion- superior surfaces of phalanges 2-5

C) extensor hallucis longus:

origin- anterior surface of fibula

D) peroneous tertius:

origin- fibula + ext. digit. longus

insertion- 5th metatarsal + tarsal bones

2. lateral compartment (Fig. 11-20)

A) peroneus longus:

origin- proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula

insertion- inferior surface of first metatarsal and med. cunieform

B) peroneus brevis: origin- distal 2/3 of fibula

insertion- lateral side of fifth metatarsal

3. posterior compartment (Fig. 11-18)

A) gastrocnemius:

insertion- calcaneous via Achilles tendon

B) plantaris: origin- medial epicondyle of femur

insertion- Achilles tendon

insertion- calcaneous via Achilles tendon

D) flexor digitorum longus:

origin- posterior surface of tibia

insertion- distal phalanx of toes 2-5

insertions- posterior tarsals and metatarsals 2-4

F) flexor hallucis longus:

origin- lower 2/3 of fibula

insertion- distal phalanx of great toe

G) popliteus: origin- lateral epicondyle of the femur

insertion- medial proximal tibia

2. flexor digitorum brevis- flexes toes 2-5

VIII. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs

compartment syndrome bursitis

sprains strains

tendinitis carpal tunnel syndrome

ischemia

Zoo 2200 HEMATOLOGY

I. Main functions (Table 20-1)

A. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

to all of the 75 trillion cells in body.

B. Transport food materials.

C. Transport waste products.

D. Transport hormones.

E. Regulates acidity of body tissue fluids.

F. Aids in the regulation of body temperature.

G. Aids in the regulation of body water content.

II. Characteristics of blood (Fig. 20-1, Table 20-2)

A. Blood volume in males (5-6 liters) vs females (4-5 liters)

1. 55% = plasma

2. 45-6% = formed elements

B. Liquid component- plasma (Fig. 20-1)

1. water - 92%

2. solutes - 8%

A) plasma proteins

1) albumins - viscosity and osmolarity, 55-60%

2) gamma proteins - contain antibodies, 33-8%

3) fibrinogen - aids in clotting, 7%

B) metabolites/nutrients

1) lipids

2) glucose

3) amino acids

C) electrolytes

1) HCO3 ions

a. pH buffer

1. 70% of CO2 transported as this ion.

C. Formed elements- "Blood cells" (Table 20-3)

2. erythrocytes (RBCs) (5,200,000/ml) (Fig. 20-2)

B) non-nucleated

C) contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen

D) hematocrit (Hct) = percent of blood that is

erythrocytes.

2) females = 37-47.

B) granular leukocytes or granulocytes

1) All have lobulated nuclei.

2) prominent lysosomal granules in cytoplasm.

3) Formed in red bone marrow.

1. neutrophils (PMNs) (60%; 1800-7300ul)-

5) basophils (<1%; 0-150ul)

a. release histamine.

1. increase inflammation.

2. chemotaxis

b. concerned with Ag/Ab interactions.

c. phagocytosis related to processing AGs.

6) eosinophils (2-3%; 0-700ul)

b. involved in allergic responses.

c. phagocytosis related to processing AGs.

C) agranular leukocytes

1) monocytes (6%; 200-950ul)

b. formed in red bone marrow.

c. true macrophages (phagocytic).

1. chemotaxis.

2) lymphocytes (30%; 1500-4000ul)

1. formed in red bone marrow.
2. responsible for acquired (specific) immunity to disease.

D) platelets (350,000/ml)

1) formed in red bone marrow.

2) cytoplasmic fragments of megakarocyte.

3) important in thrombogenesis.

4. Site(s) of action of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.

___

5. Origin of blood cells (hemopoesis). The source of (all) cell types are stem cells = hemocytoblasts (Fig. 20-8)

A) lymphoblast > lymphocyte.

B) monoblast > monocyte.

C) promyelocyte > granular leukocyte.

D) promegakarocyte > > thrombocytes (platelets).

E) erythroblast -> normoblasts -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte. This = erythropoesis.

1) 33% of cell = hemoglobin (Hgb). (Fig. 20-3)

2) four heme groups

a. each contains an atom of iron (FE).

3. each attracts/binds 1 molecule of oxygen

(O-O).

3) globin = protein molecule.

4) picks up O2 in lungs; releases O2 in tissues.

5) breakdown products of hemoglobin.

1. bilirubin (eliminated in bile)

2. iron (stored for reuse).

b. globin

1. broken down by macrophages.

___

D. Blood typing systems (Fig. 20-4)

1. There are TWO predominant agglutinogens, A and B, that are the basis of the ABO blood grouping (named after type of Ag found on the RBCs). There are at least 50 Ag's overall.

A) Rh+ = have Rh agglutinogen on RBCs.

B) Rh- = NO Rh agglutinogen on RBCs.

III. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs (p. 517-9)

anemia - a symptom.

hemorrhagic anemia - volume loss normovolemic

hemolytic anemia - ghosts, ruptured RBCs hemophilia

aplastic anemia - none, not produced thrombus

sickle cell anemia - shape change erythrocytosis

pernicious anemia – poor nutrition

polycythemia - increased numbers, p.508

leukemia - "cancer of blood" , p.512. accelerated production of WBCs.

blood doping- p. 515

transfusion

Zoo 2200 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

I. Thorax

A. Rib cage

1. "bucket handles". (Fig. 24-14)

B. Intercostal muscles

1. external

2. internal

C. Thoracic spaces (Fig. 24-13)

1. "sealed bags"

2. pleura (2) (Fig. 24-11)

A. contain lungs

B. pleural linings

A) visceral

B) parietal

C) fluid-filled pleural cavity between the 2 layers.

3. mediastinum

A) volume not occupied by lungs

B) heart = middle mediastinum

1) middle mediastinal linings

a. visceral

b. parietal

c. fluid-filled pericardial cavity between 2 layers.

D. superior mediastinum

E. posterior mediastinum

F. anterior mediastinum

II. Functions of the Respiratory System

A. Transport of air from outside.

B. The movement of air allows vocalizations.

C. Inhaled air provides sensory stimuli picked up by the olefactory epithelium.

D. 3 processes

1. pulmonary ventilation = breathing

A) inspiration

B) expiration

2. external respiration

3. internal respiration

E. Mechanics of breathing (Fig. 24-14)

1. Muscles of inspiration

A) external intercostals

B) diaphragm

1. When inspiratory muscle contract, chest cavity volume increases. This decreases thoracic air pressure, which

3. muscles of expiration

1. internal intercostals (forced, only)

5. total lung capacity

A) tidal volume (500 ml)

1) eupnea

B) inspiratory reserve volume (3000 ml)

C) expiratory reserve volume (1200 ml)

E) vital capacity

1) tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

volume + expiratory reserve volume

F) functional residual capacity

1) expiratory reserve volume + residual

volume

G) total lung capacity

1) vital capacity + residual volume

III. General features of the respiratory system (Fig. 24-2)

A. Pathway of air into lungs: nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

primary bronchi

lungs

B. The nasal cavity (fig. 22-2)

1. lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Fig. 24-2 & -3

3. external nares

4. nasal cavity

A) perpendicular plate

B) concha

1) superior

2) middle

3) inferior

5. internal nares

C. nasopharynx (Fig. 24-3)

1. lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

2. contains the pharyngeal tonsils.

3. contains opening to the eustachian tube(s).

D. oropharynx

1. lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

2. contains the lingual and palatine tonsils.

E. laryngopharynx

1. lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

2. contains openings to the larynx and esophagus.

F. structure & function of the larynx (Fig. 24-4, -5)

1. unpaired cartilages

A) epiglottis

B) thyroid

C) cricoid

2. paired cartilages

A) arytenoids

B) corniculate

C) cuniform

3. glottis

4. ventricular folds (false vocal cords)

5. vocal folds (true vocal cords)

6. Laryngeal musculature

A) extrinsic

B) intrinsic

G. gross anatomical features of the lungs

1. the pleura (see II. Thorax above)

2. right lung:

3 lobes- upper, middle, & lower

3. left lung:

2 lobes- upper & lower

4. 10 bronchiopulmonary segments per lung (Fig. 24-10):

a. right lung = superior lobe = 1-3

middle lobe = 4-5

lower lobe = 6-10

b. left lung = superior lobe = 1-5

inferior lobe = 6-10

___

5. mediastinal surface features of the right lung

A) groove for the Azygos vein

6. mediastinal surface features of the left lung

A) groove for aorta

___

H. The respiratory tree

1. trachea (Fig. 24-7)

A) tube supported by cartilagenous rings

B) lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

C) branches to each lung = primary bronchi.

(Fig. 24-10)

D) branch to each lobe = secondary bronchus.

1) right lung- 3 secondary bronchi

2) left lung- 2 secondary bronchi

E) branch to each bronchopulmonary segment = tertiary bronchus. (Fig. 24-10)

2) 10 segments per lung:

a. right lung- superior lobe 1-3

middle lobe 4-5

lower lobe 6-10

b. left lung- superior lobe 1-5

inferior lobe 6-10

2. Tertiary bronchi get progressively smaller, becoming bronchioles (lack cartilage). Bronchioles ultimately give rise to 6500 terminal bronchioles. Branches of these give rise to respiratory bronchioles.

3. Respiratory bronchioles (Fig. 24-11)

A) Last (most distal) of bronchiole branches.

B) First presence of alveolar sacs project off its walls.

4. Alveolar ducts (Fig. 24-11, -12)

A) surrounded by smooth muscle fibers with no

cartilagenous supports to keep the lumen open.

C) each alveolar duct opens into a group of alveoli.

A) Type I alveolar epithelial cells

1) simple squamous epithelium.

2) part of alveolar membrane

B) Type II alveolar epithelial cells

1) secrete pulmonary surfactant to reduce surface tension.

C) each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries.

D) pathway of a carbon dioxide molecule OUT of lungs:

(Fig. 24-12)

1) blood plasma

2) capillary wall & basement membrane

3) extracellular space (if any)

4) alveolar wall & basement membrane

5) pulmonary surfactant

6) lumen of alveolus

E) pathway of an oxygen molecule INTO blood:

1) lumen of alveolus

2) pulmonary surfactant

3) alveolar wall & basement membrane

4) extracellular space (if any)

5) capillary wall & basement membrane

6) blood plasma

7) plasma membrane of erythrocyte

___

J. Neural Control

1. Medullary rythmicity area

A) sets basic rythum of respiration.

B) inspiratory area/center

1) generates controlling nerve activity

for eupnea.

2) intrinsic activation following expiration.

3) expiration is passive.

C) expiratory area/center

1) inactive except during forced expiration.

2) expiratory area activated by increased

activity of inspiratory area.

2. Apneastic area

A) lower Pons

B) stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration.

C) is overidden by pneumotaxic area.

3. Pneumotaxic area

A) upper Pons

B) continuously innervates inspiratory area.

1) helps to terminate inspiratory phase of

respiration.

___

III. The Hemlich Maneuver (p. 606)

A. Learn to do it.

B. DO NOT USE BACK BLOWS.

1. This ACTUALLY will suck the foreign body DEEPER into the lungs.

C. DO NOT USE Chest Thrusts.

1. Enough force to be effective will break ribs and puncture lungs.

IV. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs (p. 621-3)

bronchial asthma pulmonary embolism

bronchitis corysa

emphysema influenza

pneumonia pleuritis

tuberculosis cystic fibrosis

asphyxia aspiration

dyspnea eupnea

hypoxia

pneumothorax hemothorax

Zoo 2200 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

I. General Scheme of Circulation (Fig. 21-1, 22-8)

A. Arteries and veins are united by connecting capillary beds.

E. Structure of blood vessels. (Fig. 22-1,-2)

1. Arteries- ANY vessel that conveys blood AWAY from the heart.

B) tunica media: relatively thick (vascular) smooth muscle layer & elastic fibers.

1) elastic arteries

2) muscular arteries

C) tunica interna (intima)

1) endothelium

2) internal elastic lamina

2. Veins- ANY vessel that conveys blood TOWARD the heart.

A) tunica externa

B) tunica media: (vasc) smooth muscle layer is thinner than in arteries.

C) tunica interna

1) endothelium

a. endothelium has valves

2) internal elastic lamina

1) arteries = 13%

2) capillaries = 7%

3) heart = 7%

4) pulmonary circulation = 13%

3. Capillaries

A) Wall is a single-cell-thick endothelial layer

C) Types (fig. 14.3)

1) continuous (true)

2) fenestrated

a. intestinal villi

b. kidneys

c. endocrine glands

3) sinusoids

b. spleen

c. adenohypophysis

4. Vasa vasorum (p. 544)

II. Structure and function of the heart (Fig. 21-4)

A. Location in the mediastinum (Fig. 21-2)

B. The pericardium (Fig. 21-2)

1. outer layer of thick fibrous connective tissue.

2. innermost layer of epithelial cells (parietal pericardium).

C. The heart wall (Fig. 21-3)

1. epicardium (visceral pericardium)

2. myocardium: much thicker in ventricles than in atria.

3. endocardium

A) endothelium

D. Circulation through the 4 chambers of the heart. (Fig. 21-5,-7)

R & L atria, R & L ventricles, interventicular septum

1. See flow chart for the adult (know valves well) (Fig. 21-5)

A) atrioventricular valves

1) between each atrium and ventricle.

2) papillary muscles

3) cordae tendinae

B) semilunar valves

1) between each ventricle and draining artery.

E. Heartbeat initiation and regulation (Fig. 21-10, p. 533)

A) cardiac muscle organization & contraction.

5. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers influence the rate of contraction.

____

F. Control mechanism

1) autonomous- sympathetic fibers => accelerator/stimulator

2) In medulla are =

A) (CAC) cardioacceleratory center

B) (CIC) cardioinhibitory center

1. Heart rate also influenced by

1. circulatory hormones
2. electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+)

___

1. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs

angioplasty faulty conduction

atherosclerosis bradycardia

hypertension tachycardia

carditis cardiac arrythmias

ischemia angina pectoris

III. Circulatory routes to supply body tissues (Fig. 21-4, -8)

A. Coronary (Cardiac) Circulation (FIG. 21-8 )

Vessels to the heart: coronary arteries

cardiac veins

1) circumflex branch/artery

2) anterior interventricular branch/artery

1) marginal branch/artery

2) posterior interventricular branch/artery

C) Venous return

1) Great cardiac vein

a. drains anterior and left heart

2) Middle cardiac vein

a. drains posterior heart

3) Small cardiac vein

a. drains right heart

1. drains into right atrium

C. Systemic Circulation

1. Systemic Arteries (Fig. 22-10)

A) the Aorta (Fig. 22-15, -20)

1) branches

a. thorax & upper extremity (Fig. 22-12)

b. neck (Fig. 22-13)

c. head (Fig. 22-14)

g. lower extremity (Fig. 22-18,-19)

2. Systemic Veins (Fig. 22-21)

A) Superior vena cava ((Fig. 22-23)

1) branches

a. thorax & upper extermity (Fig. 22-23)

b. neck & head (Fig. 22-22)

B) Inferior vena cava (Fig. 22-23)

1) branches

a. paired branches to the abdomen (Fig. 22-15)

C) Hepatic Portal Circulation (Fig. 22-26)

D) lower extermity (Fig. 22-25)

VI. Related Clinical Terms or Clinical Briefs

arteriosclerosis aneurysm

pericarditis thrombus

patent foramen ovale or ductus arteriosis

pulmonary embolism

ASCENDING AORTA (capitalized = elastic arteries)

Coronary arteries

AORTIC ARCH

BRACHIOCEPHALIC

R. COMMON CAROTID

Humoral circumflex a's.

Radial

Ulnar

R. costocervical

Humoral circumflex a's.

Ulnar

Radial

L. costocervical

Post. intercostals

Bronchials

Esophageals

Superior phrenics

ABDOMINAL AORTA

Inferior phrenics Hepatic

Splenic

Lumbars

Superior mesenteric (single, anterior branch) inferior

Suprarenals epigastric

Renals

Testiculars or ovarians

Inferior mesenteric (single, anterior branch)

middle sacral

med. plantar

dorsalis pedis

acc. cephalic

median cubital

Cephalic Basilic

Ulnar

Radial

lateral thoracic

Thoracoepigastric

Internal thoracic

Vertebral superior sagittal sinus

BRACHIOCEPHALIC

Accessory hemiazygos

Azygos

Hemiazygos

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

Inferior phrenics

Inf. mesenteric

Sup. mesenteric

Right suprarenal

Renals

Left suprarenal superficial epigastric

Left testicular or ovarian

Right testicular or ovarian

Middle sacral

Int. iliac Great Saphenous Peroneal

Ant tibial

How to (possibly) SAVE an Amputated Limb

1. RETRIEVE IT:

2. RINSE IT:

Rinse off debris (distilled water is better, but tap water is okay).

3. WRAP IT:

Wrap in moistened (clean, if possible) towel(s) or cloth(s).

4. BAG IT:

Place the wrapped part(s) in a plastic bag and seal it.

5. COOL IT:

[ref: Prairie Farmer, p.54, May, 1988]

Zoo 2200 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

I. General features of the lymphatic system (Fig. 23-1)

A. Lymph is ultimately derived from blood plasma.

A) edema

4. Lymph drains into the venous system. Thus, it eventually returns to the blood plasma.

B. Lymphatic vessels

A) valves

3. Right lymphatic duct (Fig. 23-4)

B) Empties into the right subclavian vein.

4. Thoracic duct (Fig. 23-4)

A) Drains left- half of head, upper limb, thoracic cavity, and everything below diaphragm. B) Empties into the left subclavian vein.

II. Main function of the lymphatic system: To provide acquired immunity.

III. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (p.587, 769)

Zoo 2200 LYMPHOID ORGANS

I. Organs

A. Diffuse lymphoid tissue(s) (Fig. 23-8)

B. lymph nodes

C. thymus

D. spleen

E. tonsils

F. All participate, in some fashion, in Ab/Ag activity.

II. Lymph Nodes (Fig. 23-9)

A. Situated along/within lymphatic vessels.

1. The only organ(s) to receive AFFERENT lymphatic vessels.

B. Filter lymph.

C. Site for germinating lymphocytes.

D. Especially numerous in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

E. Structure

1. afferent and efferent lymph vessels.

2. external capsule with trabeculae.

3. cortex with germinal centers

4. medullary cords

5. sinuses

F. lymphoid tissue of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin.

III. Structure and function of Thymus gland (Fig. 23-16)

A. 2 lobes in anterior mediastinum, behind upper sternum.

B. capsule with trabeculae.

C. cortical cells, macrophages, epithelial cells.

D. thymic corpusles (of Hassall).

1. concentric rings of epithelial cells.

2. function unknown.

E. Functions

1. (Believed to be the) original site for lymphopoeisis of circulating T-lymphocytes.

B) Peyers Patches.

2. controls rate of lymphocyte production.

3. site of massive destruction of lymphocytes.

A) significance unknown.

IV. Structure and function of the Spleen (Fig. 23-17)

A. largest of lymphoid organs.

B. Structure

1. capsule with trabeculae.

2. hilum/hilus

A) All blood vessels.

3. arteries and arterioles with surrounding white pulp.

4. veins and venous sinuses with surrounding red pulp.

C. Functions

1. filters the blood.

A) destroys old erythrocytes in red pulp.

2. produces B-cells

3. phagocytosis (see p. 434)

IV. Tonsils (Fig. 23-8)

1. Palatine

2. Pharyngeal

3. Lingual

B. All have structure similar to lymphoid nodule(s).

C. palatine

1. between glossopalatine & pharyngeopalatine arches.

D. pharyngeal

E. ling